Corporate Social Responsibility And Competitive Advantage Theories Management Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility And Competitive Advantage Theories Management Essay Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, responsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance, is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. ¼Ã‹â€ Wood, D. 1991 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° Kotler and Lee (2005) thought CSR is a commitment to community well-being through discretionary business practices and contributions of corporate resources. Ccorporate social responsibility includes human rights, employee rights, stakeholder rights, environmental protection, community relations, transparency and corruption. (Frynas, 2005) Competitive Advantage Competitive advantage is generally believed that the company holds the trumps in resources, capacity, and value created for customers, profit levels and market share and so on. Barney (1991) said a firm is said to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors. The basis of a competitive advantage comprises low costs for raw materials and energy, efficient production technologies and locational advantages.(Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansjurgens,2005). The opportunities for competitive advantages derive from the following implications: regulation and information.(A. B. Jaffe, R. G. Newell, R. N. Stavins,2001) The relationship of CSR CA Porte (1995) identifies the objectives of environmental improvements and enhanced competitiveness can be combined in a win-win situation. There is no consensus that the relationship of Corporate Social Responsibility and Competitive Advantage. In this paper, the relationship between CSR stakeholders is analyzed. A model of CSR contribution to competitive advantage was built so as to study the relationship between CSR CA. CSR is divided into the main stakeholders investors, employees, consumers, business partners, natural environment, community and government responsibility, using the description of corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theory framework. The essay described the competitive advantage from three dimensions: strategic resources, enterprise core competencies and business environment according to the comprehensive theory of competitive advantage. Main body CSR Enterprise Strategic Resources Barney (1991) analyzed competitive advantages from point of view of resources: Valuable, Rare, Imperfectly Imitable and Non-Substitutable. This essay selected two closely related resources with CSR to analyze: corporate reputation and corporate personnel. CSR Corporate Reputation Olins (1990) said that corporate reputation might be extended to a large range of product brands. Balmer (1998) Pointed out that corporate reputation finally is able to bring competitive advantage for enterprises and it is an important strategic resource. Corporate reputation comes from stakeholders; therefore, companies must be responsible to its stakeholders. That means CSR could effect corporate reputation, thus affecting t competitive advantage. Conversely, good reputation will also help companies to promote corporate social responsibility. Since the reputation determines attitude of the public and generates more favorable effect. Some multinational companies with high reputation, such as Wal-Mart, Starbucks, Nike and McDonalds fulfilled corporate social responsibility in brand-building to rebuild corporate reputation, image and corporate culture, thus enhanced the influence of brand. From a long-term perspective, corporate social responsibility is more conducive to enhance the long-term development and public image. CSR corporate personnel From the point of human resources, human capital is the basis for competitiveness. Staffs including employees and employers are makers, implementers, innovators and evaluators of core competitiveness of enterprises. Business survival and development depends on initiative and creativity of staff. Staff is the driving force for the development. Staff is a powerful competitive advantage to obtain protection. An enterprise survival depends on staff. Therefore, how to retain staff and how to develop staffs contribution of core competitiveness is the core issue. Companies must not only provide employees with reasonable salary and benefits, but also need to create equality, non-discrimination, safety and health, continuing training, working environment. All these are responsibility that enterprises must bear to employees. Staff loyalty and satisfaction result in competitively in the market. The enterprises fulfill their social responsibilities to their staff, such as attracting staff, retaining staff and stimulating creativity, which would have a positive impact. CSR Core Competencies CSR risk control capabilities Risk control is that managers have taken various measures and methods to eliminate or reduce various possibilities of risk, or to reduce losses caused by the incident. CSR that enterprise lead to its stakeholders could reduce the possibility and losses of risk, while appropriate penalties could be subject to ignoring the social responsibility. CSR business innovation Business innovation means such new methods or procedures that an enterprise uses its skills and resources to build new technology and products so that customer requirements can be changed or provide in better response. Business innovation includes product innovation, production process innovation and management innovation. Enterprises create new products and services by innovation to access to excess profits rather than average profit and win in the competition. Therefore, enhancing business innovation can obtain competitive advantage. In 2007, the British consulting firm Account Ability and CSR Network conducted Corporate Social Responsibility Assessment, and British Petroleum was ranking first. BP has also invested $20 million to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to resolve the problem in order to mitigate global warming. The result of carbon dioxide emissions was reduced by 10%in 2001 compared to 1990. And it also received $560 million of value-added returns. Therefore, CSR will stimulate innovation and bring benefits for enterprises. CSR the corporate environment A good relationship with stakeholders helps enterprises to expand market, win opportunities so as to form competitive advantage. CSR Consumer CSR the Natural Environment CSR Business Partners CSR Community CSR Government model Competitive Advantages Business partner Community Government Consumer Natural Environment Staff Corporate Environment Competencies environment mpetencies Transformation and Influence between CSR CA CSR can be transformed into competitive advantages. First, corporate social responsibility is good for optimizing the living environment. Corporate social responsibility can help corporations avoid condemnation, punishment and restrictions from government, community and the public so that decision-making and management are flexibility and autonomy. Maybe they enjoy preferential policies and incentives by government. Second, enterprises carry out their social responsibility to improve the public image, advance enterprises visibility, reputation, enhance social harmony, to attract consumers. All these can create a broader market and better development. Third, corporate social responsibility can cross international barriers. At present, corporate social responsibility has become accepted indicators of high standards and strict requirements. In an increasing economic globalization, corporate social responsibility would help enterprises to international markets, reduce the impact of social responsibility and enhance and upgrade competitiveness in the international market. Fourth, corporate social responsibility will help to attract talent. Corporations regularly involved in social responsibility are more well-known to easily recruit and retain talent. Fifth, corporate social responsibility will help improve financial performance, because Investors are always interested in responsible corporation.

How write a compare contrast essay Essay

The Elements of a Compare-contrast Essay What is comparison? Explaining the similarities or points of connection between two ideas, people, or things to give the reader a deeper understanding of each What Is contrasting? Explalnlng the differences or points of disconnection between two Ideas, people, or Adapted from Webster’s Third New International Dictionary On what subjects can I write a successful compare-contrast essay? Your subjects will need to each be significant in their own right to merit discussion. They will also need to have some sort of relationship to each other so that showing hem side by side allows the reader to learn more about each. In other words, there must be a reason to compare them. Here are some reasons to compare and contrast. To consider two subjects side by side and show their distinctions. To choose between two things. To explain one subject In terms of another. What are the types of compare-contrast essays? Wrltlng Strategies for a Persuasive Essay 1. Read the question or essay prompt. Identify your topics and be sure that you understand what each really is. You may need to do a little research to be clear on this. 2. Decide what your purpose for writing is (to show distinctions, to choose, to xplain). 3. Develop a thesis statement. Remember that a thesis statement must be more than â€Å"X and Y have many differences and similarities. † Your thesis should reflect which purpose you chose. Example: â€Å"Examining the similarities and differences between the work of Hemingway and Fitzgerald allows us to see how the contexts of their lives affected their work. † 4. Decide what your points of similarity (connection) and difference (disconnection) will be. 5. Research! Find relevant, credible publications, web sites, and individuals that offer evidence that supports your tnesls ana nosen poln ts 0T connection ana Olsconnectlon. 6 The style in which compare-contrast essays are written Compare-contrast essays are similar to persuasive essays in a couple key ways: Point of view Level of personal voice Point of View and Personal Voice in Persuasive Essays A compare-contrast essay is almost always formal academic essay in which the writer presents a thesis, or. In most formal academic writing, the proper point of view for the essay is third person (using the pronouns he, she, it, they). It is 0K to use first person (l, me, we) in the conclusion INCORRECT: First person I think that Fitzgerald and Hemingway share many similarities despite their very different use of descriptive language. CORRECT: Third person Fitzgerald and Hemingway share many similarities despite their very different use of descriptive language. Evidence ; Citations Compare-contrast essays rely on a lot of direct evidence from several sources. You will need to quote extensively to be successful. Why use quotes? 1 . They demonstrate you read the available information closely. 2. They serve as concrete evidence to support your position 3. They demonstrate a deeper level of understanding, which is persuasive to readers. Where can evidence come from? What can I quote from? Books, films, newspaper articles, credible websites, newscasts, etc. What cant I use? Wikipedia, encyclopedias, other student essays, interviews with non-experts, etc. How snou10 1 weave In quotes ana The S-C-C-C Format evidence? This is a very useful format for citations if you are not very familiar with citations and need to practice a tried and true method. As writers become experienced with citations, they can move away from this format and mix elements up as they see fit. 1 . Set it up. Set up the context that the quote is from, so that the reader knows when nd where the quote is from and who is doing the speaking/writing. 2. Citation. Write the quote out, in quotation marks. 3. Commentary: Explain how the quote supports your argument. (Commenting on the quote. ) 4. Commentary: further commenting on the quote EXAMPLE: According to a recent article in the Seattle Times,† seemingly sure bet that higher education will pay off can be upended by any number of factors: broken marriages, illnesses, lost Jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams. † (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). Students sed to feel that borrowing for college was always going to pay off, no matter what happened. Now, many are finding it harder to pay it back due to many factors. The Embedded Citation This is useful when you would prefer to pick out very small phrases to prove your points. Write your own sentence beginning, include the quote, and write your own sentence ending. The quote flows into and out of the sentence. EXAMPLE: Borrowing to pay for higher education used to be seen as a â€Å"sure bet† but now some students are finding that their plans to repay student loans can be disrupted by â€Å"†¦ oken marriages, illnesses, lost Jobs, substandard schools and unrealized dreams. † (With no way out of trouble, more students likely to default, October 6, 2008). These unexpected obstacles may repayment difficult if not impossible How to Write Commentary Of all the skills students must learn in writing, writing commentary is considered the most difficult. Writing comment ary means giving your own opinion and interpretation aoout sometnlng, wnlcn requlres a nlgner level 0T tnlnKlng tnan most students are used to using. Using commentary makes an essay interesting to read and shows that ou can analyze and evaluate information. When you write commentary, you are commenting on a point you have made with evidence. Synonyms for commentary: analysis – breaking an idea into its parts interpretation – reading between the lines of an idea insight – adding personal experience to the explanation of an idea evaluation – judging the quality or validity of an idea explication/explanation – explaining what an idea means discussion – – explaining what an idea means speculation – trying to predict what will happen if an action is taken or an idea is accepted Source: Jane Schaeffer Publications, Style Analysis (1998) The Basic Outline for a Compare-contrast Essay Example of a Subject by Subject Essay Introduction Thesis statement: Despite the fact that television and radio are distinctly different media, they use similar strategies to appeal to their audiences. Television Audiences Point One: Techniques for appealing to men Point Two: Techniques for appealing to women Point Three: Techniques for appealing to children Raalo Aualences Techniques for appealing to men Point One. Techniques for appealing to women Point Two. Conclusion: Restatement of thesis or review of key points. Source: Kirszner and Mandell (1998). Example of a Point by Point Essay Thesis statement: While both Republicans, presidential candidate Mr. X is definitely more conservative than presidential candidate Mr. Y is. Fiscal Policy Mr. Y Gun Control Abortion Welfare I ransltlons Think of a transition as a bridge from one thought or idea to another. It shows how one sentence or idea relates to another and also directs the thinking to a new focus. A transition may be one word, a short phrase, a sentence or entire paragraph. The following list cites several transition words and phrases and their meaning. Meaning Transitions Along the same direction of thought and, also, besides, furthermore, in addition, for the same reason, whereupon, moreover, whereby, indeed, similarly, likewise, but Contrast but, yet, instead, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still, although, whereas, on the contrary, not only, but also Comparison in fact, indeed, moreover, than, as†¦ as, so†¦ as. Affirmative alternative or, anyhow, moreover, still, else, whereas, whether, either†¦ or. Negative alternative nor, neither, however, instead, otherwise, on the contrary, nevertheless, except that, only, whereas, neither†¦ nor. Cause, result, reason or, so, accordingly, as a result, hence, as, consequently, thereby, therefore, thus, that, so that, inasmuch as, in order that, since, whereas, why. Condition although, as if, as though, though, provided, providing, unless, if, lest, once. Example for example, in fact, indeed, for instance, namely Exception although, in so far as, though, unless, while, notwithstanding, in fact that. Time henceforth, meanwhile, than, next, once, as long as, as soon as, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while, at length, first†¦ second†¦ third, till.

Nestle Distribution Channel

Table of Contents Sr. No. | Title| Page Number| 1| Introduction| 2| 2| Distribution Channels Structure| 2| 3| Terms of Appointment and Incentives for Distribution Channels| 3| 4| Reporting, Control and evaluation system for their sales force| 5| 7| Recommendations and Conclusion| 5| 8| References & Bibliography| 6| Introduction: Success toady in the competitive world has become very difficult. This is because it does not solely depend on basic factors but on all the factors related to the organisation.Earlier it was possible for an organisation to dominate in the market but today due to lot of different methods, channels and modern tools for marketing and functioning of the organisation, the world has become very competitive. In this assignment the author is concentrating on two major players in this competition, the distribution channels and the sales force. The company in discussion here is Nestle UK and the product for narrow research is Nestle’s own most successful bra nd â€Å"Kit Kat†.Nestle homes itself in Switzerland since 1867 today is one of the world’s most successful organisation in the FMCG category. www. total-logistics. eu. com, accessed 08 August 2010) It started its UK activities around 100years before and started their own manufacturing unit. Today Nestle has 8 manufacturing plants in UK with two head offices in Croydon and Dublin. (www. nestle. co. uk, accessed 08 August 2010) Distribution Channels Structure: According to Brassington and Pettitt, a channel structure is a route selected in order to move the product to the market through different intermediaries. This is the distribution channel structure which proves vital for the smooth movement of the product and making it available to the end consumer.Distribution Channel Structure forms the fourth element of the Marketing mix for any product. The ‘Place’ element, and therefore it becomes an important factor. There are various channels of distribution ad opted by various companies according to their product requirement and strategies. Apart from the above said vital function of a distribution channel, it has various other functions like: 1. Gathering market information which includes market research that helps future market planning. 2. Searching potential buyers and communicating them. 3. Doing promotional activities. 4. Achieving buyer specific demands and requirements. 5.Deciding on offers and pricing issues. 6. Storage and transportation of goods. 7. Managing funds required for functioning of the distribution channels. (www. tutor2u. net) Nestle adopted a strategy that their products should be made available in all the parts of UK and that they should not be falling behind for the supply, basically called as the ‘whenever’, ‘wherever’, ‘however’ strategy of distribution. In order to achieve this they needed a strong distribution network which supported their strategy and was cost effective. According to marketing department of Nestle UK they had analysed the following different channels of distribution.Single Tier Distribution Network: Producer – Retailer – Consumer Two Tier Distribution Network: Producer – Distributor – Retailer – Consumer Multi-Channel Distribution Network: Producer – Distributor – Regional Distributor – Wholesaler/Retailer – Consumer (www. nestle. com, accessed 08 August 2010) Owing to the huge retail market in UK the single tier distribution was almost impossible for Nestle to adopt as the distribution for Nestle directly would have become very complicated and the product strategy could not have been achieved.So they opted for multi-channel distribution network and appointed their own major distribution points at Bardon in Leicestershire and York in North Yorkshire. Bardon handles the food and beverage industry of Nestle in UK and York handles the confectionery industry of Nestle. The product in discussion here is Kit Kat which is distributed from York distribution centre. The physical distribution is done by trucks carrying composite palettes. The transportation is appointed by Nestle and is dedicated only for Nestle. York is a huge hub of confectionery and has heavy storage capacity to cater the market needs.Kit Kat being highly popular in the market there is continuous distribution running round the clock for Nestle. The demand in the market though fluctuating is handsome and so Nestle deals with it very efficiently. This generates high profit for Nestle as compared to other products. Nestle has their own regional distribution depots which are so placed that they cover the whole of UK. Kit Kat is transported from the national distribution centre at York to the regional depots as and when the requirement is put on. These regional depots then supply pallets of Kit Kat to the whole sellers in the market.In UK Asda, Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Waitrose, Morrisons, etc. are the major wholesalers those purchase huge stock from Nestle. (www. nestle. com, accessed 08 August 2010) All this is supplied from the regional depots. These whole sellers are direct retailers as well. So Kit Kat reaches the consumers from them as well as from small off license and small retailer shops. Terms of Appointment and Incentives for Distribution Channels: The distribution channels and its elements are all a part of the distribution strategy for any product.In order for the smooth functioning of the channel there are some terms and conditions between the company and the distributor. This is an agreement between the two over the products. The following are the mainly considered point in the appointment of any distributor as per UK law. 1. The Parties: are the guarantors needed for any obligations of the distributor 2. Territory/Products: The place and its boundary that the distributor is allotted for sale. The products the distributor is allowed to sale and many tim es the clause of new products that they get added automatically or new agreement has to be done each time. 3.Nature of Appointment: The company may reserve right to sell the product directly in the same territory or if needed can appoint a new distributor in the same territory. This point can be a complete no or flexible. 4. Duration of Appointment: The length of agreement or contract between the company and the distributor, as in fixed term or short term. If the contract is short term then the notice period has to specified, if it is a fixed term then the exact duration needs to be specified. There can be a linkage of the duration to the distributors performance say above a certain level then certain duration if not then discontinue.There also can be a probation period allotted for the distributor wherein the performance can be evaluated and then agreement can be decided. 5. Obligation of or restrictions on distributor: These are generally related to the sales, promotion and advert ising of the product. The rights can be kept by the company or can be given to the distributor. This point also refers to any requirements for sales in the territory say government licenses, quality certificates, pollution certificates, food and drug licenses, etc. The agreement also clearly states the cost bearer of all these permissions and licenses e. . the company or the distributor. This also covers for any taxes or duties that need to be paid for any particular territory, etc. 6. Intellectual Property: This point in the agreement covers for any patents, trademarks, particular registered designs, technical know-how, and other product related factors held by the company. This point covers for the permission needed if any by the distributor to use product factors for selling. Also the need of any license to use certain elements that the distributor needs to take before taking the distributorship.In some cases like if the trademarks are owned by the company the distributors are ap pointed as the registered users. 7. Termination: This covers the termination period and conditions in which termination can take place from both sides the company and the distributor. The notice period before the termination, if termination is due to some underperformance then any rectification time that is allotted to improve, etc. is a part of this clause. 8. Effect of Termination: In case of termination of the agreement the effect of it on the existing orders, stock already at the distributor, etc. elated information comes under this clause. If the distributor needs to sale the stock back to the company, what will be the cost at which he can sale? All these terms are covered under this point. 9. Notices: In some cases the headquarters are not in UK, so the jurisdiction of the territory may need a UK address for the notice. This is cleared under Notices point. 10. Arbitration: This applies only if needed. And if needed, the language and the place of arbitration are clearly mention ed in the agreement. 11. Relevant Law: This covers for any specific laws those required for the agreement.The jurisdiction of the territory is fixed. Many times the parent company is in other jurisdiction or vice versa, so the binding jurisdiction is decided and clearly mentioned in the agreement. 12. Notification: Some territories may require additional registration or notification in the local registering bodies; this is also mentioned in the agreement. (Weise, 2007) These are some standard and basic points covered in any appointment of distributorship. Nestle also follows the local law and has these sort of agreements are done with their distributors.Nestle incentives are very tempting for its distributors as nestle opts for win-win situation strategy. This helps them to keep the product moving always. Majorly two types of incentives are given to the distributors. Sales based commission in percentage of sales target achieved and holiday packages to exclusive tourist locations. (D emirag, 2010) The first one is major of the two as it depends on the performance of the distributor, the more the sales the more the commission. This is purely in the hands of the distributors so it is easy for them to achieve more incentives.These incentives affect major sales of any product. Reporting, Control and evaluation system for their sales force: Salesforce plays another vital role with distribution channels because it is a major element of the distribution network that works individually. Any organisation should have a proper channel of reporting, control and evaluation of the sales force. Salesforce management is of utmost importance as they face the customers directly and hence the reputation of any company is somewhat dependent on them.Success or failure is somewhat directly related to salesforce performance (Venugopal, 2006), therefore proper reporting, control and evaluation of the same needs to be very strong and clear in any organisation. (Muczyk and Myron, 1987, e t al cited Venugopal, 2006). Reporting of sales force is completely dependent on the hierarchy of the organisation and it differs from country to country and organisation to organisation. The reporting is from daily to weekly to monthly basis. Reporting is done by filling forms or computer generated sheets, emails and now a days through software.Reporting is usually to the regional managers in the sales department. (Marks, 2008) Software’s are becoming popular as the data can be available for the senior management to evaluate and check anytime they want. Salesforce performance needs to be evaluated through various methods in order to achieve maximum sales. Marks in his book explains’ about the evaluation techniques and methods of salesforce. Monthly audits and performance mapping of individual person in the sales team gives a clear idea of the performance of each individual. This helps the sales manager to design his team and decide the future actions and plans.Target setting also can be done with useful data from evaluation process. Based on this evaluation the salesforce needs to be compensated with rewards. This serves as motivation to work more efficiently. Regular training and meeting with senior and experienced staff helps improve selling methods and way of work. For Nestle the sales team has monthly orders from the big wholesalers like Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury’s, Waitrose, etc. Kit Kat being highly popular it comparatively easy for the sales team to achieve the set target due to high demand as a result of the popularity.They work on credit accounts that are opened initially after a small credit check and then the terms of credit period and payments are decided. Recommendations and Conclusions: Overview of Nestle UK concludes at a point that they have one of the best practices in the functioning of the product process in the market for Kit Kat. The only recommendation is that use of the railway network in UK in order to fast supply of the goods and reduction in time factor. This will improve their efficiency in the market and they can achieve the target sales smoothly without any shortages.In order to have a healthy business salesforce need to be motivated and kept happy. They are the major players in getting the business for any organisation. (Zoltners, Sinha, Lorimer, 2004) Any organisation selling product is complete only if they have a proper distribution structure and effective and efficient sales team. (Johnston and Marshall, 2010)

Characteristics Of Confucius On Good Government - 1030 Words

The historical period Confucius on Good Government was written during the period of the first century B.C until the 20th century B.C. Confucius on good government was a source that centralized on the beliefs and thoughts of Confucius. Confucius argued that only good men possessing moral authority could rule effectively. It was said that human nature is not perfect, but it is capable of being changed by example of sincere virtue. He wanted it to be known to all people that if your desire is for good, the people will be good. Confucius believed that if laws and guidelines were set in place that every person during this time should follow them. If a person didn’t abide by these rules or laws, there would be punishment put in place. In the†¦show more content†¦The source from the past â€Å"Confucius on Good Government† was written by the follower of Confucius. This source was written on September 28, 551 B.C-479 B.C. The author may have written the document to ins ure the thoughts on how a government should be ran, how people of that state should act, and how people should want to learn. â€Å"If people be led by laws, and uniformity be imposed on them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but will have no sense of shame†. Arthur Jacques Gerent’s work reveals Confucianism as a perfectly harmonious society, which is only achieved by a ritual behavior of good man, pursing their education and self-knowledge, having respect for the elders who are in power. Good behavior is the mostly the only thing that Confucius mainly focused on. â€Å"It is also true, in public morality, under the Han the accent was put on the virtue of submission to one elder’s and on respect for the classification of people according to their age†. There was so much hostility toward the merchant people, this cause problems for the Chinese society. 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